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Psychology researchers at the University of Notre Dame devised elaborate experiments to test the effects of marital conflict on children.
They set up a home-like environment with cameras, and hired actors to play out arguments, showing children different scenarios of clashing parents.
Researchers tested about 500 children aged 5 to 18 over the course of 20 years, monitoring their reaction to the arguments. Sometimes they took saliva samples from the children to study their levels of cortisol, which is the primary hormone produced by stress.
Researchers found that when the actors played out an argument where the resolution was positive, the children learned from the experience.
“Children actually are not disturbed by it if there are sincere efforts to problem-solve,” said Mark E. Cummings, a professor of psychology at the University of Notre Dame and the lead researcher on the ongoing study. “They actually are happy about it, which surprised us to find that kids would actually say they’re happy to see the parents work it out.”
Po Bronson, co-author of the parenting book “NutureShock,” said he is more likely to resolve conflicts with his wife in front of his two children — an 8-year-old boy and 5-year-old girl — to show them that even though he and his wife may disagree, they love each other.
“We do fight in front of the children,” Bronson said today on “Good Morning America.” Instead of delaying the resolution, Bronson and his wife say “maybe we should start working it out right now.”
Children are acutely attuned to the quality of their parents’ relationship, the study found.
According to the findings, the typical married couple has about eight disputes a day. Even though parents may try to shield their children from their squabbles — whether they be over picking up the dry cleaning or doing the dishes, or something more serious — children witnessed their parents’ arguments about 45 percent of the time.
Bronson called such incidents teachable moments.
If parents wait to resolve the conflict until later, it can “leave kids really stressed,” Bronson said. “What works is to start to work it out … it makes kids much more secure and confident.”
If parents pause mid-argument to take their conflict elsewhere, they should tell their children afterward that the argument was resolved, Bronson said.
Children need to learn that “we’re not perfect,” Bronson said. “Talk about it.”
In one experiment, children who saw a staged conflict along with the resolution were calm, but those who were allowed to see just a portion of the argument — without the resolution — were negatively affected. They shouted, got angry or hit a pillow.
The lesson is that if children see grown-ups fighting and making up, those children learn that disagreements can be stepping stones to solutions, Cummings said.
The researchers also discovered that children as young as a year old were very sensitive to marital conflict.
Bronson said parents can learn how to argue and resolve conflict in front of their children.
That teaches children “constructive conflict resolution,” which they can then apply to their friendships and future romantic relationships.
In the study, children who don’t see the entire argument, or who see just the beginning but not the resolution, can become overly dramatic in their conflicts, he said. They may become more erratic in their behavior, and their relationships may suffer.
Boys and girls react differently to parental conflicts, he added.
Boys show more anxiety in the short term and rebound faster, and while girls may not seem as affected initially, the conflict depresses them for at least a couple of weeks, he said.
“Boys tend to get more anxious and recover more quickly,” Bronson said. “Girls get sad and depressed.”
]]>Up until grandparents get the news their adult child’s marriage is breaking up, their role was to make the grandchildren happy, to entertain them, to babysit, in short, to spoil them rotten. Post divorce, it’s a different story. Now suddenly, the grandparent role shifts.
There’s no question, grandparents walk a tightrope when and if they find themselves pulled into their child’s marital fray. Afraid to offend the soon-to-be ex-law or child and chance losing access to their grandchildren, they need to respect boundaries while comforting confused and potentially angry grandchildren. The best way to accomplish this end is to understand their role. And what is that role? The answer is to limit their involvement by providing stability, a sense of belonging, sensitivity and relief from stress during these difficult times.
Here are each of these tasks and ways you can support the grandchildren:
Younger children in particular, will have difficulty expressing their emotions and may behave in ways you may not understand if they are experiencing a lot of change. They may act out if they are being shuttled back and forth or are uprooted. Grandparents can help by maintaining routines. Show your grandkids that when they go to grandma and grandpa’s there is a sameness to life: meals are served on time; go for pizza at your usual restaurant; help them with their homework; show up for soccer games, etc.
No matter how hard you try, you cannot fill the shoes of the absent parent, but you can be the family historian and pass down your clan’s traditions, rituals and lore. Grandparents can be the foundation for rebuilding by making grandchildren feel they are part of the family system. Include them in family gatherings. Ask relatives to reach out to the children.
Understand that angry and confused grandchildren may see grandparents as the enemy, especially if their parent is bitter and turns on you. The best strategy is to wait it out. In time the flames may die and children will be more open to seeing you. Keep the doors of communication open. Send friendly emails, birthday cards, etc.
Hopefully, you will have access to your grandchildren. They will reach out to you if you make your home neutral territory. When they visit, do not dwell on the topic of divorce or ask the kids to bear tales. Grandchildren of all ages need joy in their lives during this difficult time. Take the kids away for a weekend or on vacation. They will benefit from the tranquility of nature. Buy an extra pair of gardening gloves, arrange a camping trip or take walks in the park.
Many grandparents facing their child’s divorce dilemma will make mistakes by becoming overly involved or accuse themselves of not doing enough to help their grandchildren during this difficult time. Keep in mind that grandparents should be a lifeline not a life support. There are limits what they can achieve. But by providing stability, a sense of belonging, sensitivity and relief from stress, they are doing all they can do to help the family weather the storm.
Resources: “Your Child’s Divorce: What to Expect … What You Can Do” Marsha A. Temlock (Impact Publishers, Inc. 2007)
]]>The following article gives several examples for activities recommended to do with your child to help him or her cope with the divorce. Playing with your child and spending quality time together is key to dealing with this transition in your child’s life, and Earthquake in Zipland is intended for just that.
Going through the process of divorce is a challenging life transition for both parents and children.
During their parents’ divorce, children often feel a wide variety of conflicting emotions. It is very important for parents to provide their children with understanding and support.
This guide provides ideas for many activities parents can do to support their children and help them work through their feelings, concerns and frustrations regarding the divorce.
DRAWING PICTURES
Anger, sadness, worry, relief, confusion, guilt, embarrassment, loneliness, and nervousness — these are all common emotions that children experience when their parents divorce.
Many children have difficulty expressing these emotions in words. Drawing pictures of feelings can be an easier way for children to express how they truly feel inside. This process helps children express themselves in a positive manner and aids parents in knowing what their children are thinking and feeling concerning the divorce.
After your child has drawn a picture, ask specific questions about the drawing. Encourage him or her to explain what he or she has drawn and why. Be positive and supportive.
Things to draw pictures of:
CONVERSATION STARTERS
Following divorce, it is important for parents and children to keep the lines of communication open. Often, children have many fears, worries and questions about the divorce.
If they feel comfortable talking with their parents about these issues, they will likely have an easier adjustment to the changes divorce brings. However, children may not always know how to express their feelings or put their questions into words.
Discuss the following questions with your children to help them talk through their feelings about the divorce. Good conversations can occur in a wide variety of settings: during dinner, in the car, at bedtime or on walks.
Possible Questions:
COMMUNICATING FROM A DISTANCE
When one parent moves a considerable distance away, coping with the divorce often becomes more difficult for children because, in addition to the effects of the divorce, they must also adjust to not seeing that parent very often.
The following tips can help parents and children maintain strong relationships from long distances.
E-mail each other. E-mail is a fast, convenient way to keep in touch.
Start a postcard club. Everyone likes to receive mail! It only takes a few minutes to fill out a postcard. Give some stamped cards to your child, and take turns sending a card each week.
Have weekly or monthly phone dates. Set a specific time when you will talk on the phone (e.g. Wednesday evenings at 7 p.m. or the first Sunday of each month at noon). This will give both of you something to look forward to!
Create a shared journal. Buy an inexpensive notebook and write your thoughts and feelings in it. Exchange the notebook when you see each other.
Create a family Web site. This is a great way to post information and pictures to each other.
Make audio or video tape recordings. Hearing or seeing each other, whether for special occasions or just during daily activities, will keep the bond between you strong!
LETTER WRITING
Writing letters is a constructive way to deal with confusing feelings and to blow off steam.
Encourage your child to write a letter to one or both parents, expressing her feelings about the divorce. Tell her she can write whatever she feels like. Assure her that she does not have to send the letters if she does not want to.
The act of putting feelings and ideas in writing often helps to put the situation in perspective.
PARENT INFORMATION CARDS
Make information cards for you, your child and the other parent. Write information about yourself on one side of a large index card, and put information about your child’s other parent on the other side.
With this card, you, your child and your child’s other parent will always know how to contact each other.
Items to include:
READING CHILDREN’S BOOKS
Many children’s books address the topic of divorce. Reading such books with your child can be a valuable way to help him work through the feelings and concerns he is facing regarding the divorce in his own life.
Children often identify with characters in books. Discussing how characters work through their challenges can give your child insight into his own situation.
WRITING STORIES
Many children write and illustrate stories. If your child enjoys this kind of activity, suggest that he write a story about divorce.
Encourage your child to be as creative as possible and to draw pictures that help illustrate the story. If your child is willing, have him share his story with you. Be sure to be positive and supportive of his work.
PERSONAL HISTORY TIME LINE
One common feeling children experience after the divorce is worry about the future. They may be concerned about what is going to happen to them and if their lives will ever be normal again.
Creating a time line can help children put the current events of their lives in perspective. It can help them see that they have experienced many good things in the past, and that they have many years ahead of them to have fun and happy times with their families.
Younger children will need help with this activity but will enjoy thinking of events for their parent to put on their time line.
Discuss your child’s time line with him when he is finished. Point out that he has experienced many different events throughout life, some good and some bad. Help him to understand that he can get through the difficult time of divorce and that there are happiness and good times ahead.
Directions for a personal history time line
PLAY TOGETHER
As with drawing pictures, play is often a good way to help children express their feelings when it is difficult to talk about them. The following are some ideas of effective play activities:
Make puppets.
Create finger puppets or puppets out of brown paper sacks. Have the puppets talk about their feelings.
Play games.
Sometimes when people are occupied in another activity, it is easier to talk about feelings than if they just sit down to have a talk. There are even some games on the market that specifically address divorce.
Role-play.
Practice dealing with difficult situations that come about during divorce by acting out scenarios and discussing ways these situations can be handled positively.
LET’S EXERCISE
Engaging in physical activities together helps parents and children spend time with one another and reap the health benefits of exercise! Exercising is a good way to get rid of tension or angry feelings in a positive way.
Good activities for parents and children to enjoy together:
CREATING TWO COMFORTABLE HOMES
Your child should feel comfortable both in your home and in the home of your former spouse. Making sure that each home contains familiar items will help your child feel secure and at home in both places.
If possible, work with your child’s other parent and include the following items in both households:
TIME CAPSULE
Making a time capsule is another way of helping children recognize that the troublesome feelings surrounding the divorce won’t last forever and that there are many things to look forward to in the future.
Have your child put things in the capsule that represent his life: stories, drawings, photographs, and other special treasures and reminders. Encourage your child to answer the following questions and include them in the time capsule:
Time capsule questions
There are many different kinds of containers that make good time capsules — large glass jars with tight lids, large manila envelopes, shoeboxes, or drawstring bags.
After your child has finished making the time capsule, help her seal it. Let her decide when she will open it. For example, it might be opened in one year, on a certain birthday, or five years from the divorce.
When the time comes to open the capsule, your child will undoubtedly have fun looking at the things she put in it, noticing how her handwriting has changed, and reading the things she wrote.
CONCLUSION
Divorce is a difficult adjustment for children and parents. All family members must deal with a wide variety of emotions and make changes in the way they live. However, despite their own struggles in the divorce process, parents still have an obligation to provide their children with love, nurturing and a sense of stability. Relationship-building activities, such as those discussed in this guide, can help parents connect with their children and better understand their children’s feelings and concerns. With time, patience and creativity, children and parents can successfully work through the effects of divorce together.
University of Missouri-Columbia
Sharon Leigh, Extension Associate
Janet A. Clark, Associate State Specialist
Human Development and Family Studies Extension
References
Bonkowski, S. (1987). Kids are nondivorceable: A workbook for divorced parents and their children. Chicago: ACTA Publications.
Brett, D. (1988). Annie stories: A special kind of storytelling. New York: Workman Publishing Company.
Davenport, M. A., Gordy, P. L., & Miranda, N. A. (1993). Children of divorce. Milwaukee, WI: Families International, Inc.
Garigan, E., & Urbanski, M. (1991). Living with divorce: Activities to help children cope with difficult situations. Carthage, IL: Good Apple.
Hickey, E., & Dalton, E. (1994). Healing hearts: Helping children and adults recover from divorce. Carson City, NV: Gold Leaf Press.
Margolin, S. (1996). Complete group counseling program for children of divorce. West Nyack, NY: The Center for Applied Research in Education.
Copyright 2002 University of Missouri.
Published by University Extension, University of Missouri-Columbia
“There is a great need for effective online programs to support and educate separated parents,” said Larry Ganong, co-chair of Human Development and Family Studies (HDFS) in the College of Human Environmental Sciences. “In many cases, parents who divorce also move apart, and relocation makes it difficult to attend court-mandated trainings or develop effective strategies for co-parenting. Children are often the ones who suffer when parents don’t take steps to minimize issues caused by separation.”
HDFS researchers developed Focus on Kids Online, a training course that helps parents going through divorce build stronger, more supportive relationships with their children. The Web-based program is designed to offer parents an alternative to in-person trainings. After completion of the course, parents reported improved relationships and better awareness of separation-related problems and how to solve them, according to new HDFS research by David Schramm, assistant professor, and Graham McCaulley, HDFS doctoral student.
The face-to-face version of Focus on Kids satisfies the Missouri law that requires parents who are divorcing to attend an educational program. It is conducted in cooperation with Missouri’s circuit courts and available in 50 counties. Ganong says the online program is growing and will be made available to other states in the future.
The MU researchers offer tips for separated and divorced parents:
The online program was developed by McCaulley, Schramm, Ganong and Marilyn Coleman, Curator’s professor of human development and family studies. MU researchers, including Shaun Calix, HDFS doctoral student, and Schramm, HDFS state extension specialist, will continue to evaluate the program’s effectiveness online and in-person.
]]>The study used data from the 1994 and 1996 cycles of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NSLCY) to compare changes in parenting practices between 208 households that divorced between the first and follow up interview and 4796 households that remained intact. Strohschein looked at three measures of parenting behavior (nurturing, consistent, and punitive parenting) to tap into the different ways that divorce is believed to disrupt parenting practices. Her results show that there are no differences between divorced and stably married parents for any parenting behavior either before or after a divorce has occurred.
“My findings that parenting practices are unrelated to divorce appear to fly in the face of accepted wisdom,” states Strohschein. “Undoubtedly, some parents will be overwhelmed and unable to cope with the demands of parenting in the post-divorce period, but the expectation that all parents will be negatively affected by divorce is unfounded.”
“This study is important because governments in both Canada and the US have allocated considerable resources over the past decade to provide parenting seminars on a mandatory or voluntary basis to parents who legally divorce,” says Strohschein. “Although these programs do assist parents and children in adjusting to divorce, it is equally clear that not all parents will be well served by such programs. For those who work directly with families during the divorce process, this means making greater effort to build on the existing strengths of parents.”
“Researchers need to shed much more light on the predictors of parenting behavior in the post-divorce period so that this knowledge can be used to design programs that effectively target the real needs of divorced parents,” says Strohschein.
This study appears in Family Relations.
]]>We are about to have a limited custody evaluation by a psychologist. Can she help? What else can I do? Any suggestions for retaining my sanity?
Reply:
Are child custody evaluations helpful?
Most parents figure out custody and co-parenting out on their own. Unfortunately, there are situations where one party is extremely difficult or there are extraordinary issues that prohibit the cooperative process. In these regrettable situations, a third party (often a psychologist) is the only solution to help the divorcing or co-parenting parents come to an agreement. The prevailing custody standard is “in the best interest of the child.”
What does, “in the best interest of a child” mean? & who has the power to decide “the best interest of the child”? If parents leave this up to courts, a judge that does not know the child or family, may be the one to ultimately decide the child’s fate.
Someone that does not know the child or parents? Hmmm….Does this sound likes “the best interest of the child”? I think not.I do know several psychologists that are custody evaluators in Phoenix area that are very good. I have also heard nightmare stories. Many experts believe the instruments used in custody evaluations are invalid and not based on scientific grounds. Instead, they believe these outcomes are based on the evaluator’s theories and personal beliefs. Obviously, it is best when parents come to parenting agreements on own. When parents decide their arrangements on their own there is more “buy in” and commitment. In my opinion, custody evaluations are not ideal.
For your peace of mind:
This is a difficult situation for you, especially if you want to co-parent, move on and help your daughter. You can help yourself and your daughter by taking care of yourself during these times.
• Find a physical outlet. Join a local yoga studio for physical and mental peace. Or walk each day with a friend.
• Spend time with people you can be your authentic-self around. Laugh and play as much as possible.
• Play with your daughter for 30 minutes a day uninterrupted by phones or other outside noise. Go for a walk, make a recipe or do an activity you enjoy together.
You may also want to get more support from a professional in your area.
Thank you for sharing your personal experience and please let me know if I answered your questions or you want more information.
“From Christmas to Hanukkah to Kwanzaa and even New Years, each family’s holiday traditions are different. The common thread is spending time together,” said Barry Finkel, a Fort Lauderdale, Florida, family law attorney. “As long as parents work together, the divorce settlement’s child custody or time sharing arrangement can be flexible enough to reflect and respect these differences and traditions.”
Follow these tips to ensure the children - and family - enjoy pleasant and memorable celebrations this holiday season:
“No hard and fast family law rules dictate how holidays should be handled,” Finkel said. “So long as there is no tension or fighting between the parties that would upset the children, celebrate the holidays and leave the children with smiles on their faces.”
ABOUT THE LAW FIRM OF BARRY I. FINKEL P.A.
The Law Firm of Barry I. Finkel P.A., is a Divorce and Family Law practice focused on serving the needs of the entire family. Established in Fort Lauderdale / Broward County, Florida, in 1983, the firm’s lawyers provide trusted matrimonial counsel to clients facing turbulent times and unsettling situations. Learn more at www.BFinkelPA.com.
Media Contact: Lauren Simo of Boardroom Communications, 954-370-8999 or lsimo@boardroompr.com for the Law Firm of Barry I. Finkel, P.A.
SOURCE The Law Firm of Barry I. Finkel P.A.
]]>Our son’s a retreater. “We’re not friends anymore,” my son says about one of his best friends, whenever his feelings get hurt. Even with me, when he’s upset, he runs from the house and down the block for awhile.
Our daughter’s a threatener. When she’s mad or embarrassed, she threatens. She’s not looking for a solution; she’s hoping we’ll back down if she makes her threat big enough.
One of the most important set of skills kids need as they mature is the ability to work out conflict without destroying relationships. When arguments happen, some kids simply want to win – they’ll attempt to dominate. Other kids are quick to cave, doing anything to make their friend happy just to save the relationship. Ideally, kids will learn eventually to neither dominate nor cave; they’ll learn to stand up for themselves and yet not put the relationship at risk. An amazing long-term study by Dr. Joe Allen measured this skill in seventh graders, and then tracked them for the next dozen years. The ability to stand up for oneself, to a best friend, yet not threaten the relationship – a trait Allen labeled “Autonomy & Relatedness” – predicted incredibly good outcomes for the kids in his study over the long term. Most notably, they had really good relationships: with friends, with romantic partners, and with their parents.
The relevant question is, where do kids get this skill from?
This was the topic of my appearance on Good Morning America this morning, though if you saw me on the show you might not realize this. That’s because I came at this idea from another angle. There, I was talking about marital conflict, and how we fight in front of our kids. We all know we’re not supposed to fight in front of the kids – we’ve all heard that it stresses them out. But it happens. We’re not perfect. We’re not even close to perfect. Dr. Mark Cummings has parents use diaries to record every spousal squabble, from outright screaming matches to the slightest bicker over who didn’t pick up the dry cleaning. It’s amazing how common hostility is between spouses – in Cummings’ sample, it was eight times per day, according to the moms. (According to the dads, it was seven times per day.) And kids are witness to these tensions 45% of the time. They’re three times more likely to witness an argument between parents than witness a moment of affection between parents.
What Cummings has found though is that the stress on kids is moderated if they get to see parents make real attempts at resolution. When kids see an argument worked out, or even see a conciliatory approach, they’re not only not stressed out, they’re actually happy. They really like it.*
And they learn from it. Cummings has found that kids who witness conflict resolved between parents are taking the lesson to their own friendships. So they’re rated by teachers as having greater security and being more prosocial. Cummings would never suggest that parents try to fight in front of the kids; rather, his point is that kids are already witnessing a lot – and those provide more than enough opportunities.
It’s not always so easy to resolve a conflict, but Cummings’ research suggests that even if parents talk about it the next day with kids – let them know how you worked it out – that’s helpful, too.
There’s one other touchstone worth mentioning. It’s about what I call “Trap Door” divorces. Many parents protect children so well from their tensions that kids have no idea divorce is imminent. The bottom suddenly falls out on them. Children of Trap Door divorces, according to the research, grow up not trusting relationships, and in turn have much higher rates of divorce when they grow up.
* There’s one important exception to this. That’s when spouses fight about parenting itself, which is quite common. Kids never like it when THEY are the subject of an argument between parents. So that might be one argument topic to still protect them from.
]]>However, it is frequently the case that the relationship has broken down to such an extent that this is not practical or even possible.
In those circumstances mediation is an option whereby an independent mediator will try and help you reach an agreement with the parents. For this to take place, both sides have to agree to mediate and it may not be right for all. Woolley & Co are able to make referrals to mediation providers and will be glad to help you with this.
If no progress can be made through these routes then it is possible to make an application to the court. Family courts do recognise and will promote the invaluable role that grandparents have to play in their grandchildren’s lives. Unlike parents, a grandparent does not have an automatic right to apply for a contact order and will have to apply for leave to make that application. In order to be successful the grandparent must show that they have a meaningful and important connection with the child.
If that hurdle is successfully overcome then your application for contact will be considered. Frequently this will involve the appointment of a Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service (CAFCASS) officer to look at any welfare issues that need to be considered and to prepare a report to aid the court in coming to a decision.
If the report is favourable it is often very strongly persuasive to the parent with care but if they still will not agree then there will be a full hearing with both sides giving evidence and the court making a decision on the basis of what they feel to be in the child’s best interest. You will need to convince the court that your relationship with the grandchild significantly benefits their lives.
If an order is made the court’s powers to enforce such orders have recently been increased in such a way that makes it extremely difficult for parents to ignore them. They are therefore a very powerful way to ensure that grandparents can maintain a meaningful and fulfilling relationship with their grandchildren.
It is important that when there are problems, legal advice is sought about the options available. Early advice will allow you to understand your options and to act in an appropriate way so as not to unsettle what could be a very delicate situation.
Woolley and Co have specialist family lawyers with extensive experience of acting in these types of matters and we have helped many grandparents successfully achieve and maintain contact with their grandchildren. Sometimes when relations have broken down a carefully drafted letter from your solicitor which tries to defuse the tension of the situation and puts across why you feel contact is so important for you and your grandchildren may be all that’s needed.
We can provide an initial opinion on the best way forward or draft a letter for a fixed fee. We can also help with issues relating to applying for contact with grandchildren who are in care, brining up your grandchildren, applying for residence orders and special guardianship orders.
For advice on grandparent’s rights book an appointment here.
]]>Child custody battles for moms and dads are often times the most financially and emotionally draining part of the divorce process. Further, a child custody battle that involves litigation or a child custody evaluation can have a negative impact with lifelong consequences for the children. Parents who are able to work out a parenting plan for their children post-divorce without involving the family court, family law attorneys, judges, and child custody evaluators will often (1) have more control when it comes to decisions regarding the future of their children, (2) be more likely to have an amicable relationship going forward and come to agreements regarding their children in the future, (3) shield their children from family law officials and mental health professionals that may make the children feel as though they need to choose between the parents, and (4) save thousands in attorney fees and court related costs.
Not all child custody disputes need to end up in a child custody evaluation or in court with a judge making the decision about where the children will live after the divorce is finalized. Protracted child custody battles are often avoided when divorcing parents are able to set aside any negative feelings they have towards each other and focus on what’s in the best interest of their children. Also, once the family court is involved, the levels of trust between parents often decline making settlements much more difficult and in some cases impossible without help from an outside source. If parents are not able to workout their parenting and custody disagreements between each other, alternative dispute resolutions such as mediation should be sought first before involving attorneys and the court. In fact, many counties require parents to attend mediation before a child custody hearing can take place in front of a judge.
While child custody battles for fathers and mothers are often the most challenging part of a divorce, better long-term outcomes for the family and children are typically achieved when parents are able to work out their child custody issues out-of-court. Remember, “divorce involving children can draw out emotions, but emotions do not need to involve the children and draw out the divorce.”
For information, tips and strategies on resolving child custody disputes out-of-court or to help you prepare for a child custody battle in court, the E-Book “How to Win Child Custody” by Steven Carlson, The Custody Coach™ is a must-have resource and will be an invaluable tool for you. To download it now with a 100% satisfaction guarantee click here. If you are seeking additional child custody help or one-on-one coaching, click here to schedule a phone or in-person meeting with Steve to discuss in detail your specific situation.
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